• Bridges

for bridges in landscape painting, see the paintings of Gainsborough - see question on 'transitions'
Bridges combine solid and empty spaces, they allow the light to pass under their arches

• Gates and arches

'Eyecatchers' (arches) were placed on top of hills to attract the eye towards the distance because of the 'point of light' under the arch.

A close view of the eyecatcher at Rousham (around 1740)

Views of Rousham : the view of the lawn show the distant hills on which the eyecatcher is placed

• Passages

passages in cities play the same part

see Walter Benjamin